USE OF GENETICALLY ENGINEERED BACTERIA

           

The genetically engineered bacteria be inflicted with found applications in various areas:

A) Crop production and protection through biological control of insects and fungal diseases, coolness destruction.

Genetically engineered bacterial strains be inflicted with been urban to control insects, fungal diseases or coolness destruction and that.

TABLE GENETICALLY ENGINEERED BACTERIA IN CROP PRODUCTION AND

PROTECTION

Bacterium	Altered trait	Possible use
Rhizobium melilotii	Additional copies of ‘nif’ genes	Increased efficiency of N2 fixation
A. Radiobacter	Delection of ‘tra’ gene of Agrocin 84 plasmid	Biological control of crown gall
P. Fluorescens	Addition of lac ZY	Assessment of movement of bacteria pro biological control
Clavibacter xyli	Transfer of B.Thuringiensis delta endotoxin gene	Control of corn ear worm
Pseudomonas fluorescens	Transfer of Serratia marcescens chitinase gene	Control of fungal disease
P. Syringae	Deletion of ‘ice’ gene	Control of coolness damage

TABLE VARIOUS POSSIBLE PATHWAYS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF TRANSGENIC PLANTS

Target cell type	Method used pro regeneration
1. Cultured cells or protoplasts	Oranogenesis or embryogenesis via hard skin formation stages
2. Meristem cells from immature kernel or organ	In vitro sow renaissance from transformed cells
3. Cells in immature embryos, spurt and flower meristems	Normal development (in vivo) of kernel, spurt or flower followed by aid of transformed pollen  from chimeric sow to yield transformed seed
4. Pollen	Pollen treated with genetic material used pro pollination leading to the production of transgenic plants
5. Zygote	In vivo development of transgenic plants

B) PRODUCTION OF CHEMICALS AND FUELS LIKE ANTIBIOTICS, ENZYMES, DIAGNOSTICS ETC.

Genetically engineered strains of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Lactobacillus casei be inflicted with been prepared pro production of amino acids on a generous extent. Industrially helpful bacteria use cheaper feed stocks (substrates) like D-xylulose, bran. E.G. Zymomonas mobilis (normally incapable of using lactose) transportation cellulase gene from Cellulomonas uda has six fold boost in bran endeavor. E.Coli and Klebsiella planticola transportation genes from Z. Mobiliscould use glucose and xylose to produce most yield of ethanol.

C) Extraction of metals from ores

Plasmids be inflicted with been constructed which as bestow with T. Ferroxidans increases its resistance to arsenite and arsenate which inhibit the growth of bacteria, and increases the recovery of gold from arsenopyrite-pyrite ores. Efforts are vacant on to construct genetically engineered bacteria with enhanced bioleaching or nucleating capabilities which will mess about valuable role in mining and metal extraction.

D) Biodegradation of dissipate from non-biological systems and toxic dissipate treatments

For efficient biodegradation, efficient and competent biodegraders are being prepared using genetic engineering which will aid various catabolic pathways to degrade toxic wastes.

GENETICALLY ENGINEERED BACTERIA USED FOR THE DEGRADATION OF XENOBIOTICS AND TOXIC WASTES

1.         Bacterium:-                                                    Pseudomonas capacia         

            Substrate with the intention of can be degraded:-    2,4,5- trichoro-phenoxyacetic acid

2.         Bacterium:-                                                  P. Putida & other spp (also E.Coli)

             Substrate with the intention of can be degraded:-   2,2,5-dichloropropionate; mono and    dichloroaromatics

3.         Bacterium:-                                                  Alcaligenes sp.

            Substrate with the intention of can be degraded:-    Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, diverse chlorophenols; 

             1,4 dichlorobenzene

4.         Bacterium:-                                                    Acinetobacter sp.

            Substrate with the intention of can be degraded:-     4-chlorobenzene