8 Jun 2011

APPLICATIONS OF ANIMAL CELL CULTURE


The creature cell cultures are used pro a diverse range of investigate and development. These areas are:
A) production of antiviral vaccines, which requires the equality of cell shape pro the multiplication and assay of viruses.

B) growth investigate, which requires the study of abandoned cell division in cultures.
C) Cell fusion techniques.

D) Genetic manipulation, which is straightforward to involve made known in cells or organ cultures.

E) Production of monoclonal antibodies requires cell shape in culture.

F) Production of pharmaceutical drugs using cell shape.

G) Chromosome analysis of cells derived from womb.

H) Study of the things of toxins and pollutants using cell shape.

I) Use of reproduction skin.

J) Study the function of the nerve cells.
Somatic Cell Fusion
One of the applications of creature cell culture is the production of hybrid cells by the fusion of uncommon cell types. These hybrid cells are used pro a the following purposes:
(i) study of the control of gene face and differentiation,
(ii) study of the conundrum of ‘ malignancy’,
(iii) viral attention,
(iv) gene mapping,
(v) production of hybridomas pro antibody production.
Inside 1960s, in France pro the initially calculate, the hybrid cells were successfully produced from diverse cultures of two uncommon cell shape of mouse. Cells growing in culture are induced by approximately of the viruses such as ‘Sendai virus’ to fuse and form hybrids. This virus induces two uncommon cells initially to form heterokaryons. During mitosis, chromosomes of heterokaryon move towards the two poles and shortly on fuse to form hybrids. It is valuable to remove the go up carbohydrates to bring in this area cell fusion. Some other chemicals like polyethylene glycol furthermore induce somatic cell fusion.
Many money-making proteins be inflicted with been produced by creature cell culture and here health check attention is being evaluated.
Fig screening the production of t-PA


Tissue Plasminogen activator (t-PA) was the initially drug with the intention of was produced by the mammalian cell culture by using rDNA equipment. The recombinant t-PA is safe and effectual pro dissolving blood clots in patients with sensitivity diseases and thrombotic disorders.
Blood Factor VIII
Haemophilia A is a blood disorder which is a sex-linked genetic disease in humans. The patients distress from Haemophilia A lack thing VIII, which the stage an valuable role in the clotting of blood. This thing VIII is secreted by a gene bestow on X-chromosome but this gene undergoes mutations in public distress from Haemophilia. Current therapy pro this disease is the transfusion of blood thing VIII into patients. Using rDNA equipment, Factor VIII has been produced from mammalian cell culture e.G. Hamster kidney cell.
Erythropoietin (EPO)
The EPO is a glycoprotein consisting of 165 amino acids and is formed in the foetal liver and kidneys of the adults. It causes proliferation and differentiation of progenitor cells into the erythrocytes (erythroblasts) in the bone spirit. Erythropoietin is hormone-like in nature and is released by the kidney under hypoxic or anoxic conditions caused by anaemia.
Amgen Inc. Holds US patent pro training of, eErythropoietin, by recombinant method using Chinese Hamster Ovary cell shape. Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone-like substance released by the kidney under hypoxic or anoxic conditions caused by anaemia. R-HUEPO- recombinant creature erythro- protein has been effectively used to handle anemia associated with AIDS, renal failure and that.
The production of Monoclonal Antibodies using hybridoma equipment
Antibodies are proteins synthesized in blood hostile to antigens and are collected from the blood serum. The antibodies, which are heterogenous and non point in proceedings are called polyclonal antibodies. If a point lymphocyte, with isolation and culture in vitro becomes competent of producing a single type of antibody impact specificity hostile to point antigen, it is renowned as monoclonal antibody. The monoclonal antibodies are used in the diagnosis of diseases since of the presence of desired resistance. However, these antibody secreting cells cannot be maintained in culture. It was experimental with the intention of the myeloma cells (bone spirit tumour cells due to cancer) grow indefinitely and furthermore yield immunoglobulins which are infact monoclonal antibodies.
Inside 1974, George Kohler and Milstein isolated clones of cells from the fusion of two parental cell shape - lymphocytes from pique of mice immunized with red blood cells from sheep and myeloma cells. These cells were maintained in vitro and produced antibodies. The hybrid cells maintained the character of lymphocytes to ooze the antibodies, and of myeloma cells to multiply in culture. These hybrid cell shape are called “Hybridoma” and are competent of producing boundless supply of antibodies. Hybridoma are obtained by using an antibody producing lymphocytes cell and a single myeloma cell. Monoclonal antibodies combine very specifically to an epitope (specific domains) on an antigen and by using them it is doable to detect the presence of point antigens.
The Monoclonal antibodies are used pro the behavior of patients with cruel leukaemia cells, B cell lymphomas and allograft rejection with transplantation. CD3 is an antigen bestow on the go up of mature T- cells lymphocytes. If T- cell population is tired or controlled, the transplanted organ will not be rejected. An antibody with the intention of acts hostile to CD3 go up antigen of T-cells is called OKT3 i.E. Anti-CD3 Moab. OKT3 is a monoclonal antibody which has been accredited pro clinical aid pro the behavior of acute renal allograft rejection. OKT3 removes antigen impact cells from passage so helps in accepting the graft.

Fig screening the steps involved in the production of monoclonal antibodies

When Monoclonal antibodies are used as enzymes using the practice of enzyme engineering, at that time they are called abzymes.
Using creature cell cultures, it is furthermore doable to yield Polyclonal Antibodies. Polyclonal antisera are derived from many cells therefore contains heterogeneous antibodies with the intention of are point pro several epitopes or an antigen.
SCALE-UP OF ANIMAL CELL CULTURE
Modifying a laboratory procedure, so with the intention of it can be used on an manufacturing extent is called scaling up. Laboratory procedures are normally scaled up via intermediate models of increasing size. The better the sow, the greater the running expenditure, as skilled public are vital to watch and keep up the machinery.The initially pre-requisite pro one generous extent cell culture logic and its scaling up is the creation of a cell layer. Master cell banks (MCB) are initially established and they are used to develop Master Working Cell Banks (MWCB). The MWCB must be sufficient to feed the production logic by a fastidious extent pro the predicted life of the manufactured goods. The cell stability is an valuable criteria so MWCB needs to be repeatedly subcultured and all generation must be checked pro changes. A close attention must be paid to the volume of educated cells as the volume must be generous sufficient to yield a manufactured goods in amounts which is economically viable. The volume is maintained by a) increasing the culture volume, (b) by increasing the concentration of cells in a reactor by unremitting perfusion of fresh standard, so with the intention of the cells keep on increasing in digit lacking the dilution of the standard.
A fully automated bioreactor maintains the physicochemical and biological factors to optimum level and maintains the cells in suspension standard. The generally apposite bioreactor used is a compact-loop bioreactor consisting of marine impellers. The creature cells unlike bacterial cells, grow very unhurriedly. The foremost carbon and energy sources are glucose and glutamine. Lactate and ammonia are their metabolic products with the intention of affect growth and productivity of cells. So, the on-line monitoring of glucose, glutamate, and ammonia is conceded made known by on line tide injection analysis (FIA) using chatter chromatography (GC), distinguished performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and that.
Inside batch cultures, primarily Roller Bottles with Micro Carrier Beads (for adherent cells) and spinner flasks (for suspension cultures) are used in Scale-up of creature cell culture process.
Roller Bottles
The Roller bottles provide whole curved go up area of the micro carrier beads pro growth. The unremitting rotation of the bottles in the CO2 incubators helps to provide standard to the full cell monolayer in culture.The roller bottles are well attached inside a specialized CO2 incubators. The attachments rotate the bottles along the long axis which helps to expose the full cell monolayer to the standard all through the lone satiated rotation. This logic has the benefit ended the static monolayer culture: (a) it provides boost in the go up area, (b) provides constant gentle agitation of the standard, (c) provides increased ratio of go up area of standard to its volume, which allows chatter chat by an increased rate through the watery film of the standard ended the cells. Typically, a go up area of 750-1500 cm2 with 200-500 ml standard will yield 1-2x108cells.
Diagram screening the Roller bottle cell culture

Micro Carrier Beads
Micro carrier beads are small round particles with diameter 90-300 micrometers, made up of dextran or schooner. Micro Carrier beads, boost the digit of adherent cells for every flask. These dextran or glass-based beads occur in a range of densities and sizes. The cells grow by a very distinguished density which speedily exhausts the standard and therefore the standard has to be replaced pro the optimum cell growth. At the recommended concentration as the microcarriers are floating they provide 0.24 m2 area pro each 100 ml of culture flask.
Spinner cultures
The spinner flask, was originally urban to provide the gentle stirring of microcarriers but are currently used pro scaling up the production of suspension cells. The flat tire go up schooner flask is fitted with a Teflon scull with the intention of continuously turns and agitates the standard. This stirring of the standard improves chatter chat in the cells in culture. The spinner flask used by money-making extent consists of lone or more feature arms pro taking made known samples and decantation as well.

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